There's bacteria, there's algae..., vascular plants.

有细菌，有藻类，有维管植。

Another type of seedless vascular plant is ferns, also known as monilophytes.

另一种无籽维管植是蕨类植，也被称植。

Although many of the early seedless vascular plants have gone extinct, you can still find some of them growing today.

虽然许多早期的无籽维管植已经灭绝了，但你仍然可以发现它们中的一些在今天长。

As you can tell, bryophytes and seedless vascular plants are not simply low-to-the-ground lurkers.

正如你所知，苔藓植和无籽维管植并不是简的地下潜伏者。

We're talking bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, the categories that include mosses and ferns, liverworts, and more.

我们说的是苔藓植和无籽维管植，这类植包括苔藓、蕨类、苔类等。

But, they were the first plants to form true roots, stems, and leaves that contain vascular tissue, so they're considered the first vascular plants.

但是，它们是第一批形成真正的根、茎和含有维管组织的叶子的植，所以它们被认是第一批维管植。

When Prototaxites first arrived on the scene, 420 million years ago, vascular plants had just begun to colonize the land.

当原杉藻在4.2亿年前首次出现在地上时，维管植刚刚开始登陆并殖民陆地。

Next time, we'll be using these tools to uncover the history of plants, starting with bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, some of the earliest plants on Earth.

下节课，我们将用这些工具来揭开植的历史，从苔藓植和无籽维管植开始，它们是地上最早的植。

Well, the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants were some of the first plants to arise from that event — and many of them still exist today!

苔藓植和无籽维管植是第一批从那次事件中产的植，其中许多今天仍然存在！

So, a few hundred million years later, a cousin of the bryophytes showed up, Seedless Vascular Plants forming another branch on the plant family tree: seedless vascular plants.

因此，几亿年后，苔藓植的表亲无籽维管植出现了，形成了植家族树的另一个分支：无籽维管植。

The three main organs that comprise a plant body are stems, leaves, and roots, and their presence is one of the defining characteristics of a category called vascular plants.

组成植体的三个主要器官是茎、叶和根，它们的存在是维管植的一个决定性特征。

So big, complex life on land -- like vascular plants -- probably wouldn't have been possible if Tortotubus and its fungal predecessors hadn't prepared the land first.

因此，像维管植这样的大型复杂陆地命，如果没有托尔托管及其真菌前辈们事先准备好的土壤，可能根本无法存在。

The nutrients themselves could come from conventional crops, but Dr Post also has plans to use algae, which grow faster than vascular plants, to provide the necessary amino acids, sugars and fats.

那些营养质可以从普通农作中获取，但Post博士计划使用藻类，因它们比那些维管植长的要快，以此提供所需的氨基酸、糖类和脂肪。

On top of that, seedless vascular plants — and all plants that evolved after them — have a dominant sporophyte, meaning that what we tend to recognize as the plant is actually its sporophyte generation.

最重要的是，无籽维管植——以及在它们之后进化的所有植——都有一个显性的孢子体，这意味着我们倾向于认的植实际上是它的孢子体一代。

But lycopods were also the earliest vascular plants, which means they were the first plants to contain xylem, a special tissue that moves water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves.

但是， 石松类也是最早的维管植，这意味着它们是第一批含有木质部的植，木质部是一种特殊的组织， 负责将水分和养分从根部运输到叶子。

Having a dominant sporophyte introduced lots of advantages — like, while the spore-making generation of a bryophyte couldn't grow very far off the ground; the sporophytes of seedless vascular plants could grow much taller and larger, with more room for spore-producing organs.

拥有一个优势孢子体带来了很多好处——比如，苔藓植的产孢体不能长得离地面很远；而无籽维管植的孢子体可以长得更高更大，有更多的空间容纳产孢器官。